This book is the outcome of the workshop that was held at the Gulf Research Meeting organized by the Gulf Research Center in Cambridge, UK in August 2014 directed by Mohamed Ramady and Annika Kropf (Workshop Number 5: Employed, yet Underemployed and Underestimated: Leadership, Ownership and Work Motivation in the Gulf). The Editors wish to thank all those who participated in the workshop and especially the Gulf Research Center and its Chairman Dr. Abdulaziz Sager for offering the opportunity to gather so many scholars with diverse interests and expertise who made this publication possible. The workshops would not have been possible without the dedicated guidance and follow up support by the GRC, especially Dr. Christian Koch, Sanya Kapasi and Elsa Courdier